sodium acrylate hydrogel

The TG curve of the poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt and sodium polyacrylate suggests that the polymers have good thermal stability suitable for a typical reservoir temperature between 90 and 150C with a loss in polymer mass of 0.41.5% and 2.25.4% respectively. Keep adding salt and stirring until the gel turns back to water. While the sodium polyacrylate exhibited a similar swelling behaviour, at 25C it demonstrated its highest absorbency (293g/g) which decreased (264g/g) at 50C. The hydrogels are formed outside human body, infused Gels 5(1):123, Lashari ZA, Yang H, Zhu Z, Tang X, Cao C, Iqbal MW, Kang W (2018) Experimental research of high strength thermally stable organic composite polymer gel. The swelling performance of the two superabsorbent polymer hydrogels experimentally studied showed a maximum absorbency in the range of 270 to 300g/g. The difference in mobile ion concentration between the polymer networks and liquid phases decreases resulting in a decrease in absorbency capacity. By continuing to use this site you agree to our use of cookies. Free swelling was allowed to take place for specific time periods of 2-, 4- and 6-h, and then the residual activation fluid was separated in the beaker from the swollen superabsorbent material using Grade 3, 6m filter paper. It depends on what substance you are talking about. [25] and Alonso et al. The solvent absorption or swelling ratio (W) was calculated by measuring the mass gained by the swollen sample. Generally, increasing pH and salinity concentration led to a significant decline in the swelling performance of both superabsorbent polymer hydrogels. The collapse of the hydration shell at high temperature, 100C, may be responsible for the decrease in absorbency capacity (264g/g). University of Stuttgart, Institute for Computational Physics (ICP), Allmandring 3, 70049 Stuttgart, Germany. Under the same optical condition, an image of a linear scale was used for calibration. quantity Abstract. A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-021-04654-w, Polymer swelling ratio in deionised water, Polymer swelling ratio in electrolyte solution, Molar concentration of mobile ions in swollen sample, Molar concentration of ions in the activation fluid, Absolute cumulative water penetrated by the polymer network at time, t, Second order rate constant for water absorption processes, Theoretical equilibrium swelling ratio of hydrogel, Ganji F, Vasheghani-Farahani S, Vasheghani-Farahani E (2010) Theoretical description of hydrogel swelling: a review. To request permission to reproduce material from this article in a commercial publication, Figure3 shows the repeating terms of the chemical structures of both poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt and sodium polyacrylate used in this study. The swelling behaviour of both samples may be further explained using the osmotic pressure (\( \pi_{ion} \)) ion theory [38, 39] where the osmotic swelling pressure for a weakly charged hydrogel network is given by: Here, \( C_{i}^{g} \) and \( C_{i}^{s} \) are the molar concentration of the mobile ions in the swollen sample and ions present in the activation fluid, respectively and R and T, the gas constant and absolute temperature, respectively. The conductivity of the hydrogel electrolyte was Understanding the swelling kinetics of SPHs is important for their operational use, especially for specific use in water production scenarios, because their swelling performance is directly affected by their adsorption properties [40]. Aqueous sodium polyacrylate was added to dopes of lignin/PVA to yield high strength fibers without the use of gel aging. Both SPHs absorb many times its weight of aqueous fluids to produce gels which retain fluids under stress and do not dissolve. WebSuperabsorbent sodium polyacrylate polymeric hydrogels that retain large amounts of liquids are used in disposable diapers, sanitary napkins, and other applications. Superabsorbent polymer hydrogels (SPHs) are a unique set of swellable polymeric materials. This technology eliminates the aging step and makes lignin/PVA gel-spinning amendable to continuous processing. J Mol Liq 277:142156, Tang L, Gong L, Zhou G, Liu L, Zhang D, Tang J, Zheng J (2019) Design of low temperature-responsive hydrogels used as a temperature indicator. e-Polymers. The hydrogels are formed outside human body, infused Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. [24] designed, synthesised and characterised a thermo-sensitive hydrogels, tri-copolymer poly(N-tert-butyl acrylamide-co-N-isopropyl acrylamide-co-acrylamide). Sodium polyacrylate (SPA) hydrogel was chosen among others - polyacrylamide (PAAm) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) hydrogels - to treat cloudy diesel in a fixed bed. Some substances do not turn into liquids at all whether you heat it or cool it a good example is iodine, this is called sublimation. In this study, the swelling performance and adsorption kinetics of two commercial superabsorbent polymer hydrogels were evaluated based upon their stimuli response to pH and salinity at varying temperature and reaction time periods. If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission Sci. Vacuum 157:5160, Natkanski P, Piotr K, Anna B, Zofia P, Marek M (2012) Controlled swelling and adsorption properties of polyacrylate/montmorillonite composites. Clearance Center request page. J Adv Res 6:105121, Zhao C, Shengqiang N, Min T, Shudong S (2011) Polymeric pH-sensitive membranesa review. Bess Ruff is a Geography PhD student at Florida State University. 2, 117 (2020). Prog Polym Sci 36(11):14991520, Qiu Y, Kinam P (2001) Environment-sensitive hydrogels for drug delivery. The water level in the ice bath needs to reach the agar water level in the saucepan. Abstract. The rheology of poly(sodium acrylate) hydrogel cross-linked with N, N -methylene (bisacrylamide), during gelation is studied. 12. As illustrated on Fig. The pH value of most oilfield water is between 4 and 9. Industrial applications include agriculture, environmental engineering, biomedical and tissue engineering, oilfield, construction and electrical products, personal care products, and wastewater treatment. Natkanski et al. From the micrographs, the poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt seems to be less porous having a narrower pore-size distribution than the sodium polyacrylate. Mahon, R., Balogun, Y., Oluyemi, G. et al. [4] with mechanical properties included in the analysis. Characterisation and evaluation of the materials were performed using analytical techniquesoptical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, and the gravimetric method. This observation is in agreement with Lenji et al. 8). The effect of time on the swelling performance is illustrated in Fig. Salt partitioning between the gel and the surrounding solution phase in NaCl solutions with an initial salt concentration of c0 = 0.0170.60 mol L1 (135 g L1) is investigated. After 2-h of free swelling, the absorbency of the poly (acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt decreased with increasing temperature with the peak absorbency occurring at 25C whereas and the lowest at 100C (Fig. Use a glass stirring rod or stick for this. [19] synthesised a class of novel composites by introducing polyacrylic acid or polyacrylates hydrogels into montmorillonite via in situ polymerisation technique. Repeating terms of the chemical structures of: a poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt and b sodium polyacrylate. Salt sensitivity factor of an electrolyte solution was also computed using Eq. Swelling of sodium acrylate-based polyelectrolytic hydrogels with various degrees of cross-linking (from 300 to 50 acrylate units per cross-link) was studied over the solution pH range from 2 to 12. J Appl Polym Sci 128(3):18611870. Poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt and sodium polyacrylate are both superabsorbent crosslinked polymers having a density of 0.54g/mL at 25C [25, 26]. Sensitivity of the polymer under varying conditions shows that it exhibits maximum swelling capacity of 1700% in neutral medium at 50C after 15h. The study concluded that this class of superabsorbent has potential applications for water absorption purposes. She has conducted survey work for marine spatial planning projects in the Caribbean and provided research support as a graduate fellow for the Sustainable Fisheries Group. Oxygen barrier fire extinguishing material. Close this notification Accessibility Links Skip to content Skip to search IOPscience Skip to Journals list As observed for both cases of SPHs, their swelling capacity substantially diminishes with an increase in NaCl concentration. At 25C, the polymer network formed hydrogen bonds with the water molecules, developing a hydration shell around the hydrophilic group which enhanced water uptake capacity to a maximum absorbency (285g/g). Ruissein Mahon. An optimal temperature range between 50 and 75C was considered appropriate based on swell tests performed between 25c to 100C over 2-, 4- and 6-h time periods. Int J Biol Macromol 124:511519, Huang Y, Baoping Z, Gewen X, Wentao H (2013) Swelling behaviours and mechanical properties of silk fibroinpolyurethane composite hydrogels. 6. As a small thank you, wed like to offer you a $30 gift card (valid at GoNift.com). J Appl Polym Sci 130:35743587, Ahmed EM (2015) Hydrogel: preparation, characterization, and applications: a review. In these experiments, 1g of the polymer samples was added to 100mL of deionised water in a thermally resistant sealed glass bottle at 90C. Furthermore, it enables us to perform the subsequent salt partitioning and desalination experiments under defined conditions using a fixed ratio between the gel and the supernatant phase. The results showed that the hydrogel crosslinked to the least extent with a high amount of polystyrene, exhibited the fast-swelling rates, highest equilibrium swelling ratios and pH sensitivity. Avoid the most common mistakes and prepare your manuscript for journal The relationship between salt concentration and the swelling performance of the superabsorbent materials, in sodium chloride (NaCl) salt solutions (0, 35,000 and 85,000ppm) are presented in Fig. Eur Polymer J 44:20242031, Li L, Du X, Deng J, Yang W (2011) Synthesis of optically active macroporous poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels with helical poly(N-propargylamide) for chiral recognition of amino acids. The thermal stability was measured by using the ramp mode setting from room temperature (21C) to 800C at a rate of 10C per minute under a nitrogen environment. Soft Matter, 2019,15, 9949 Decomposition profiles of the poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt and sodium polyacrylate samples showed their structural water loss (19% and 14%, equivalent to their remaining weights of 4.66g and 6.72g) between 31 and 281C and 26360C, respectively. Thats what happened in the diaper to make all that gel! However, the cross-sectional nanomorphology of both SPHs exhibited a neat, uniform and clear exterior morphology with regularly distributed pore spaces as a result of the conventional crosslinking polymerisation. By continuing to use this site you agree to our use of cookies. J Mol Liq 263:118124, Ali SL, Majid K, Javed R, Murtaza S, Muhammad SK, Abbas K, Mohib U (2018) Superabsorbent polymer hydrogels with good thermal and mechanical properties for removal of selected heavy metal ions. Hydrogels have been used as a drug delivery system in varying medical areas from cardiology, oncology, and immunology and wound healing to pain management. Cellulose microfibrils (CMF) of an aspect ratio ranging from 20 to 100 are used as fillers. It is also observed that the salt sensitivity factor decreases with increasing operating temperature at constant conditions. For the second method, it is likely safe as it is just agar and water, unless you have skin sensitivity to agar. Biomacromol 1(1):8490, Mittal H, Jindal R, Kaith B, Maity A, Ray S (2015) Flocculation and adsorption properties of biodegradable gum-ghatti-grafted poly(acrylamide-co-methacrylic acid) hydrogels. Oxygen barrier fire extinguishing material. [31] who reported gelation codes of E to G by varying the concentration of SiO2 of their novel composite polymer gel and also Zareie et al. The superabsorbent materials in both dry and swollen states were electrically conductive and therefore were not sputter coated with gold or gold/palladium alloy. Thats what happened in the diaper to make all that gel! High temperature above 100C, usually results in a collapse of the PPG 3-D network structure leading to a decline in its swelling ratio. Generally, the absorbency of the SPHs decreases with increasing temperature. This allows calculating the sodium acrylate concentration in swollen hydrogels. The swelling and deswelling behaviour of the temperature-responsive hydrogels were studied to determine its swelling kinetics as a result of crosslink density. Aqueous sodium polyacrylate was added to dopes of lignin/PVA to yield high strength fibers without the use of gel aging. The first stage of decomposition is associated with the loss of water adsorbed on the surface of the particles also known as bound water. Therefore, the swelling performance of the SPHs based on their pH sensitivity was measured under varying pH conditions ranging from 6.5 to 12 with an accuracy of0.2. [40] and Singh and Dhaliwal [18] who reported a rapid decrease in hydrogel adsorption due to the increasing amount of Na+ metal ion concentration of the solutions. Slow temperature response rate and low mechanical strength have been identified as common disadvantages of hydrogels [12]. The influence of these 3D structures on the absorbency of aqueous NaCl solutions is investigated. Cement Concrete Compos 88:150164, Patel VR, Mansoor MA (1996) Preparation and characterization of freeze-dried chitosan-poly(ethylene oxide) hydrogels for site-specific antibiotic delivery in the stomach. Macromolecules 25(20):55285530, Feil H, Bae Y, Jan F, Sung WK (1993) Effects of comonomer hydrophilicity and ionization on the lower critical solution temperature of N-isopropylacrylamide copolymers. WebVarious poly(sodium acrylate) hydrogels with different architectures, such as single networks, interpenetrating double networks and surface crosslinked hydrogels, are synthesized with a systematic change in their degree of crosslinking. Our research in this area is important to expand present understanding of these materials and their application boundaries in various technical applications. $6.75 Water gel powder, also known as slush powder or instant solid powder, is the superabsorbent material found in baby diapers that absorbs 400 times or more its own weight in water. However, with increasing temperature, the absorbency steadily decreased due to the elasticity of the cross-linked polymer network leading to the release of absorbed water. On its own, water has three states: solid, liquid, and vapor. These polymers are generally considered "nontoxic" with acute oral median lethal doses (LD 50 ) The effect of salinity and electrolytic resistance was assessed through estimation of the hydrogel viscosity in different saline solutions at 25C and at a shear rate of 7.34s1. Do not pour sodium polyacrylate gel down the grain without liquefying it first, or it will clog the drain. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging was used to observe the morphological polymer matrix, the dispersion and distribution of the silica nanoparticles and filler within the hydrogel network. This technology eliminates the aging step and makes lignin/PVA gel-spinning amendable to continuous processing. This phenomenological change is due to the abundant of COO group which reduces the hydrogen bonding interactions. J Petrol Sci Eng 169:739747, Namazi H, Hasani M, Yadollahi M (2019) Antibacterial oxidized starch/ZnO nanocomposite hydrogel: synthesis and evaluation of its swelling behaviours in various pHs and salt solutions. It is found in many absorbent products, such as diapers, and you can buy it online. The influence of these 3D structures on the absorbency of aqueous NaCl s Sodium polyacrylate is an absorbent polymer that can absorb up to 400 times its weight. The difference in pore size distribution may explain the difference in swelling performances of the two polymers. [21] have reported 30C; the optimal temperature range of the hydrogels in this study was evaluated to be between 50 and 75C. WebSodium polyacrylate (ACR, ASAP, or PAAS) [1] : 233 , also known as waterlock, is a sodium salt of polyacrylic acid with the chemical formula [CH 2 CH (CO 2 Na)] n and has broad applications in consumer products. This article is licensed under a The original version of this article has been revised: The names of the polymers and their applications have been removed. E-mail: J Atoms Mol 4(1):656665, Alonso GJ, Jos LRA, Ana MMM, Maria LMH (2007) Effect of temperature and pH on swelling behavior of hydroxyethyl cellullose-acrylamide hydrogel. SPHs prepared by freeze-drying swell significantly more when compared to others which are air-dried [34]. By continuing to use this site you agree to our use of cookies. The swelling performance of the nanocomposite hydrogels show sensitivity to pH with the maximum swelling observed at pH 7; however, this decreased with an increase in the salt concentration. Slider with three articles shown per slide. 2.2 Characterisation If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. A series of poly (sodium acrylate)/ (cement clinker) [P (NaA-AA)/CC] double network (DN) hydrogel composites were prepared by solution polymerization at room temperature, using partially neutralized acrylic acid (NaA-AA) as an organic precursor and cement clinker (CC) as an inorganic precursor, redox system of 9 Reviews Water Gel Powder, 4 oz. You can use material from The application of superabsorbent polymer hydrogels is gaining much research attention. Their hydrophilic functional groups are responsible for their superabsorbent nature which does not lead to dissolution but rather result in formation of an insoluble gel. In particular, these findings form the basis for optimising commercially available SPHs which can be tuned to desired characteristic behaviours for functional applications in (i) conformance/water control operations, (ii) enhanced/improved oil recovery operations, and (iii) in separation processes for petroleum fraction-saline water emulsions. Sodium polyacrylate is an absorbent polymer that can absorb up to 400 times its weight. Try using flavored water in place of regular water when making edible water gel. Different investigators have reported the optimal temperatures for different hydrogel samples tested. The data are compared with an idealized mean-field Donnan model, which fit the experimental findings only under the assumption of a drastically reduced effective charge density of feff 25 mol% independent of the hydrogel used. In basic activation fluids, the concentrations of Na+ and OH ions are very high and this reduces the values of \( \pi_{ion} \). If wikiHow has helped you, please consider a small contribution to support us in helping more readers like you. A series of poly (sodium acrylate)/ (cement clinker) [P (NaA-AA)/CC] double network (DN) hydrogel composites were prepared by solution polymerization at room temperature, using partially neutralized acrylic acid (NaA-AA) as an organic precursor and cement clinker (CC) as an inorganic precursor, redox system of For the poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt sample this occurred between 281 and 430C with a weight loss of approximately 33% and remaining weight of 2.82g. Similarly, between 360 and 477C, a reduced weight of 4.27g was recorded with a corresponding weight loss of 32% for the sodium polyacrylate sample. The polymer 3D network structure collapses due to destabilisation of the polymer network structure with increasing hydrolysis temperature leading to syneresis. Mater Chem Phys 136:11091115, Al-Anbakey A (2014) Effect of pH on swelling properties of commercial polyacrylic acid hydrogel bead. The raw/processed data required to reproduce these findings cannot be shared at this time as the data also forms part of an ongoing study. 1 M sodium hydroxide solution was used to alter the pH of deionised water at appropriately 21 C. This was similar to Lashari et al. Compression tests of the hydrogels were performed for different crosslinker concentrations. Sign up for wikiHow's weekly email newsletter. If you have access to it, use deionized water for best results. J Clean Prod 201:7887, Lee HX, Wong HS, Buenfeld NR (2018) Effect of alkalinity and calcium concentration of pore solution on the swelling and ionic exchange of superabsorbent polymers in cement paste. Zareie et al. It is used in laundry detergents as a sequestering agent to bind elements in hard water such as Calcium & Magnesium so that the surfactants work better and clothes get cleaner. cm1 was prepared by immersing the superabsorbent composite in 1 M KCl aqueous solution. [2] This super-absorbent polymer (SAP) has the ability to absorb 100 to 1000 times its mass in water. Pharm Res 13(4):588593, Salehi MB, Asefe MM, Samira ZM (2019) Polyacrylamide hydrogel application in sand control with compressive strength testing. It is occasionally sold as "water gel powder," "slush powder," or "instant solid powder." 4 was used to analyse the experimental data. TGA results revealed that both SPHs arethermally stable and can thus be used under elevated temperate conditions. As seen from Fig. Initial decomposition of the poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt and sodium polyacrylate samples were between 31 and 281C and 26360C with weight losses of 19% and 14% respectively due to structural water loss. Samples of the superabsorbent materials were lightly scattered on microscope slides to be characterised according to their equivalent diameter (the diameter of a circle with the equivalent area) using an optical microscope fitted with a camera and open-source ImageJ analysis software. Thus, the Schott kinetic rate constant of swelling, k2, can be calculated as. We use cookies to make wikiHow great. cm1 was prepared by immersing the superabsorbent composite in 1 M KCl aqueous solution. 9b, after 4-h of free swelling the poly (acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt experienced a notably sharp decrease in its absorbency (246g/g) at 50C. The shear thinning behaviour of the hydrogel was tested through viscosity measurements where the viscosity-shear stress behaviour of samples was evaluated at various shear rates at 25C. To demonstrate the improved properties of the polyacrylamide hydrogel and its suitability for use in the oil industry, several testing methods were applied. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/1e\/Make-Water-Gel-Step-1.jpg\/v4-460px-Make-Water-Gel-Step-1.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/1\/1e\/Make-Water-Gel-Step-1.jpg\/aid9226699-v4-728px-Make-Water-Gel-Step-1.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":306,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":485,"licensing":"